Chloroplast stroma

Calvin cycle mnemonics

Three CO₂ in, one G3P out. Light-independent does not mean dark.

The three phases

Fix, Reduce, Regenerate

The accounting

3 turns make 6 G3P: 1 leaves, 5 stay to rebuild RuBP

A mnemonic only sticks once you have used it. The quiz and the rebuild below both draw on these exact steps.