Chloroplast stroma

Calvin cycle

Three CO₂ in, one G3P out. Light-independent does not mean dark.

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this pathway
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Net yieldPer 3 CO₂: 1 G3P exported · costs 9 ATP + 6 NADPH
Rate-limitingRubisco
Steps4
Irreversible2
The three phases
Fix, Reduce, Regenerate
The accounting
3 turns make 6 G3P: 1 leaves, 5 stay to rebuild RuBP